TUGAS 3 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH (SOFSKILL BAHASA INGGRIS)

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

A.    Direct speech

When the actual words of the speaker are reproduced, it is called direct speech.

Shows a person’s exact words. Quotation marks (“. . .”) are a sign that the words are the same words that a person used.

For example:    Ravi said, “ I am playing Cricket.”

                         Sally said, “I want to go to bed.”

B.     Indirect speech/Reported speech

When the main idea of a speaker’s words is reported by another person and the exact words are not quoted, it is called indirect speech or reported speech.

Puts the speaker’s words or ideas into a sentence without quotation marks.  Noun clauses are usually used.

For example:   Ravi said that he was playing.

                         Sally said (that) she wanted to go to bed.

1.      THERE IS THREE TYPES OF INDIRECT SPEECH

a.      Declarative (Statement) àthe sentence use  “that”

For Example : 

D  :  He said, “we will go to Singapore tomorrow” I   :  He said that they would go to Singapore the next day. D  :  Bob said, ” I’m a university student” I   :  Bob said that he was a university student.

b.        Imperative (Command/request) à

In reporting commands and requests, the indirect speech is introduced by some verb expressing commands and requests, and the Imperative Mood is changed into Infinitive Mood.

D :  He told me, “wait for me !” I   :  He told me to wait for him. D :  She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !” I   :  She told me not to cheat anymore. D : Raja said to John, “Go away.” I  : Raja ordered John to go away. D : He said to Mary, “Please wait here till I return.” I  : he requested Mary to wait there till he returned.

c.       Interrogative (question )

When reporting a question, an order or a request, the connector ‘that’ is not used.       

For Example :

D : Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?” I  : Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her. D : The Visitor said to me, "Is your father at home?" I  : The visitor asked me if my father was at home. D : I asked him : “When did you get back from your trip ?” I   : I asked him when he had got back from his trip. D :  He asked me : “How will you go there ?” I   :  He asked me how I would go there. D : The girl said, ‘May I come in?’ I  : The girl asked if she could come in.

2.      TENSE CHANGE IN INDIRECT SPEECH

While converting direct speech into indirect speech, the tense of the verb must change accordingly:

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Present simple She said, “It’s a good day.”	Past simple She said (that) it was a good day.
Present continuous She said, “I am playing the piano.”	Past continuous She said (that) she was playing the piano.
Present perfect simple She said, “I have lived in Macau since 2000.”	Past perfect simple She said (that) she had lived in Macau since 2000.
Present perfect continuous She said, “I have been learning Spanish for six months.”	Past perfect continuous She said (that) she had been learning Spanish for six months.
Past simple She said, “I went Macau two days ago.”	Past perfect She said (that) she had gone to Macau two days ago.
Past continuous She said, “I was dancing.”	Past perfect continuous She said (that) she had been dancing.
Past perfect She said, “I had finished my homework when he arrived.”	Past perfect She said (that) she had finished her homework when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous She said, “I had been dancing for five	Past perfect continuous She said (that) she had been dancing for

If the reported speech express a universal truth or habitual fact, its tense remain unchanged:

D : The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”

I : The teacher said that the earth goes/went round the sun. She said,

D :“Girls are usually more sincere than boys”

I :She said that girls are usually more sincere than boys.

3.      MODAL CHANGE: Modal verbs may also change.

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
will She said, “I will go to Macau.”	would She said (that) she would go to Macau.
can She said, “I can go to Macau.”	could She said (that) she could go to Macau.
shall She said, “I shall go to Macau.”	should She said (that) she should go to Macau.
may She said, “I may go to Macau.”	might She said (that) she might go to Macau.
must She said, “I must go to Macau.”	had to She said (that) she had to go to Macau